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Craig ProulxDepartment of Anthropology Office: EC 315 |
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Publications/Research Refereed Books:
Refereed Articles in Journals and Chapters in Books:
Courses Recently Taught: Anthropology 1013 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Style Guide for Papers in Anthropology 2002 JuneOverall Rules 1. Except for the references and quotations over two lines long, the paper must be typed (or printed from a computer), double spaced, and single sided with a 2-3 cm margin on all sides. Use only 10-12 point fonts. In order to conserve paper, do not use a front or back cover page. Most instructors find plastic covers and other such devices annoying. Just staple your paper in the upper-left corner. 2. The title
page contains:(a) the title of
your paper,(b) your name and
student number,(c) the course
number for which the paper is written,(d) the name of
the instructor for whom the paper is written, and(e) the date submitted.This can all be
arranged in any way you find aesthetically pleasing on the title page.Start the body
of your essay on a new page.3. Number each
page consecutively. With the staple in the upper left, the upper
right margin is a convenient place for numbers, but any consistent place
is acceptable.4. Quotations
under two lines long should be incorporated into the text of your essay
and enclosed in quotation marks. Quotations over two lines are single
spaced, inset 1 cm from both left and right margins, and not enclosed
in quotation marks. It is often better to use your own words rather
than quoting. In any case, the source of all quotations and any information
rephrased in your own words must be properly cited.Do Not "Sentence
Splice" Quotations. "Sentence splicing" is the act
of incorporating a quote from someone else's material directly into
a sentence you are writing. For example: When the spring "…
rains falls into the basin, life abounds" (Weatherall 2002:14).
Write the sentence in your own words, and then cite the source. For
example: When the rainy season begins in the Otumba basin, all forms
of life begin to flourish (Weatherall 2002:14).When you directly
quote source materials by using a sentence, a number or statistic, you
MUST cite the page from the source. For example: Although Mexico has
roughly three times the population of Canada, it has 16 times the number
of millionaires (INGEI 2000:145). Note that references are cited at
the end of the sentence and before the period.5. At the end of
your essay, give the list of references - the sources that you
have cited in the text of your essay. Use the heading "References",
not "Works Cited" or "Bibliography". Start references
on a new page.6. Although there
are a few cases where they are useful, footnotes are generally
avoided in anthropological writing. The general rule is that, if the
information is important enough to include in a footnote, rewrite the
main text to include it. In no case should the reader have to read a
footnote to follow the argument of a paper. Endnotes are usually considered
very poor form, because they force the reader to flip back and forth.7. Words in any
language other than English (except proper nouns) must be in italics
or underlined.Scholarly sourcesAn academic source
is generally written the way your instructors are insisting that you
write your essays. That is, the author of an academic paper or book
must cite the source of all material brought together in her writing.
The first clue is to look in the back of the book or the end of the
paper. There should be either a list of references or a bibliography.
Some academic works are cited using footnotes or endnotes. If no sources
of information are given, you may be holding fiction or a work written
primarily for entertainment, business, or propaganda.Even if the work
is properly referenced, check the dates - a book published in 1998 but
with references only in the 1930s may be a new book based on old information.
That may or may not be appropriate. Similarly, it may be important to
check the major sources of information. For instance, a paper written
about the benefits of a drug but based primarily on research conducted
by the drug manufacturer may be questionable.Academic journals
and most academic books are also peer reviewed - that is, other academics
with expertise in the area are asked to criticise the material before
it is accepted for publication. In this process, a lot of junk is rejected.Academic publications
are generally not supported by advertising. Nor are they funded by business,
religious, or political organizations. Most government funding is supposed
to be indirect and with no strings attached. This ivory tower approach
is an attempt to keep research and the dissemination or knowledge untainted
by other interests.Do Not Make
Quotations from Class Notes. This is, unfortunately, a common mistake
that many students make. Technically, class notes are not from a referenced
source. Lectures, and the notes they produce, fall under a category
known as "Personal Communications". In order to properly cite
a "per. com.", you would require the permission of the individual
who delivered the lecture and a particular method of citation. This
type of citation is only used when you interview someone or talk with
them, formally, about their research projects. Most, if not all, instructors
see the use of class notes in research papers as a lack of scholarly
activity and poor effort on the part of the student. If you do wish
to pursue a point made by your instructor in class, talk with them and
ask where you might find the original source material. Do not cite
class notes in a research paper!National Geographic,
Equinox, and the like are magazines, not academic journals. Although
the pictures (and even the text sometimes) can be informative, they
are primarily designed for entertainment to sell advertising and are
not necessarily reliable sources of information. Similarly, encyclopaedias
without proper citations do not qualify as scholarly sources even if
they do serve as useful guides.Finally, although
the internet provides a wealth of information, picking out the
treasures from among the murk may be difficult. For your essays and
for other times when the reliability of the information is crucial,
stick to peer-reviewed online academic journals. Otherwise, use the
internet primarily the way you would an encyclopaedia - as a starting
guide.These are just
rules of thumb. In some cases, non-scholarly sources can provide data
to support an argument. In other cases, truly academic works may legitimately
lack references. Use caution, and, if you are in doubt, ask your instructor.Make sure you
are familiar with current OUC policies on plagiarism.For some additional
insight into this issue see also "Plagiarism: What It is and How
to Recognize and Avoid It" at http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/wts/plagiarism.htmlCitationsWhenever you use
someone else's work either directly quoted or paraphrased, you must
cite that author. That is, you must tell your reader where you got every
piece of information. If you do not cite someone, you are claiming a
piece of information as your own; that would be OK if it is, indeed,
your own work; but, if you got it from someone else, you are guilty
of plagiarism if you fail to cite your source.Every quotation
must be cited. For example: "Forest apes are such good moisture
conservers that they rarely need to visit predator-haunted water holes.
They get enough water from the fruit and vegetation they eat, and from
the rain that falls on leaves" (Morgan 1982:45).Every fact and
statistic must be cited. For example: With estimates for the number
of languages in the world ranging from 3000 to 10,000 (Crystal 1987:284),
it is far from clear that …As a rule of thumb,
no one should be able to read any sentence you have written and ask,
"Says who?"1. The Basic
Rule: (Author year:page). That is: left parenthesis, author's surname,
space, year, colon, page, right parenthesis. e.g. (Chomsky 1957:12).2. If you use the
name of the author in your own text, omit it in the citation.e.g. In Chomsky's
earliest notable publication (1957:12), he provokes … For other referencing questions not dealt with here see the Style Guide of the American Anthropological Association at http://www.aaanet.org/pubs/style_guide.htm |
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