~ The Toxteth Tommies Present ~

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British Police Force

"British Police Force"
Photo Courtesy Of: Metropolitan Police Force


Part 4: Conclusion

~ CONCLUSION ~


There were many social tensions surrounding the era of the Toxteth Riots and several have been identified in the research that led to this article. Crime rates were high, and offenders were not concerned with the consequences of their actions. The policing of these crimes did not provide the solution. Racial issues emerging from police brutality only invoked further tensions. Above all else, these issues were centered within the most dilapidated and impoverished living conditions in the country. Given the outbreaks of riots in surrounding areas with parallel issues, the Toxteth Riots may have been foreseen during the 1960s. Unfortunately, rather than addressing the real and underlying issues that existed, governmental practices only attempted to cover up the problems.

Authorities have more recently made efforts in the implementation of youth programs (Morris, 1996). It would even appear as though crime has decreased according to an audit of crime conducted by a Community Safety Partnership called Citysafe (Liverpool Crime & Disorder Audit, 2001 as cited by Bootle Group, 2001). However, violent crime has increased and only half of these victims report the assault to police (Bootle Group, 2001). As well, police targets on young men appear to remain present. A British crime survey conducted in 1998 reports that 32% of men aged sixteen to twenty-nine were stopped by police compared to only fourteen percent of older men (Yeo & Budd, 2000 as cited by Bootle Group, 2001).

Twenty years after the riots, many of the social problems prevalent then, still exist today (BBC News. Thursday, July 5, 2001). Lady Margaret Simey, chair of the police authority during the riots feels race is still at the root of the area's woes, "... It's that if you happen also to have a black face, there is no escape from the poverty"(BBC News. Thursday, July 5, 2001). The roots of the problems need attention in the Toxteth area. According to the applied theories, as long as these tensions endure, the likelihood exists that history may repeat itself.



 The Destruction Caused By The Toxteth Riots

"Toxteth Looter"
The Aftermath of the Toxteth Riots (1981)
Photo Courtesy Of: Channel 14 News Website



~ REFERENCES ~


Agnew, R. (1999). A general strain theory of community differences in crime rates. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 36(2), 123-156.

Alcock, J. E., Carment, D. W., & Sadava, S. W. (2001). A Textbook of Social Psychology(5th Edition).

Bartol, Kurt R. (2002). Criminal Behavior: A Psychosocial Approach (6th Edition). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.

Baxter, L. Daily Post. The Scars That Time Can't Heal

Bootle Group (2001).Taming Liverpool's Crime in the 1960's: Success or Failure?

Bootle II Group (2002). Liverpool’s Football Aggression in the 1960's: Psychopathology or Sport?

Christian, M. (1998). An African- centered approach to the Black British experience. Journal of Black Studies, 28(3), 291- 309.

BBC News. Wednesday, July 4, 2001. Further Race Riots Feared

Herbert, D. (1999). Questions and Answers about the Skinhead Subculture

BBC News. Monday, May 28, 2001. Long History of Race Rioting

Morris, S. (1996). Policing Problem Housing Estates: Crime and Detection Prevention. Series No. 74.

Ovenden, K. 20 Years after Brixton riots: Uprising Sparked a Wave of Revolt

Smith, G. Networking for Urban Mission: A Case Study of the UK in the 1980's

Tafari, L. (1989). Inna De Oral Style

Thomas, M. Liverpool Echo. Have the Police Moved On?

Thomas, M. Liverpool Echo. How far has Toxteth come?

BBC News. Thursday, July 5, 2001. Toxteth’s Long Road to Recovery

BBC News. Wednesday, July 4, 2001. Toxteth Riots Remembered

Woolton Group (2001). Scouser Rock Music: A Reflection of Liverpool’s Crime?



THE
TOXTETH
TOMMIES
Peggy Scott Amy Tanner Rhoda Coston
Sheree McNulty Tanya Merchant Myah-Jayne Barristo
Melissa Furness Andrea Martin Mona Christie
Mike Collins Becky Foran Tanya MacDonald
Tara Geikie Jennifer Reid Sean Little
Michelle Langley Angela Moriarity Josee Cormier
Trish Maclean Kelly Hatfield
Jenna Sappier Tracy Stockford



Toxteth Riots - Part 3: Theoretical PerspectivesThe Cavern Wall Of Fame - Part 1



Submitted on June 25, 2002
© 2002 The Toxteth Tommies. All rights reserved.



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